Electro-static discharge (ESD) protection is a technology that protects the MEC products from malfunction or breakdown due to a sudden discharge of electrcity caused by contact between two electrically charged objects. Static electricity is constantly building in electronics, so this protection prevents electronics from suffering damages.
Cervoz has professionally designed a protection that is certified by an SGS lab that will prevent any electrical discharges or surges from its devices.
Over-provisioning is a function that sets aside space for the SSD's provisional use. These free blocks allow the SSD to operate at normal speed while other functions such as wear-leveling or garbage collection are taking place. The blocks also serve as replacements for bad blocks that may be detected by bad block management.   
Industrial-grade standards for connectors can largely be divided into A/E key and B+M key. The former is used by WiFi cards, whereas the latter by SATA and PCIe G3x2. The individual M key connector is used by PCIe G3x4 and G4x4. 
The difference results from a difference in how hardware manufacturers and softwares convert 1GB into bytes. As hardware manufacturers, we define 1 GB as 1 billion bytes exactly, but softwares define 1 GB as 1,073,741,824 bytes.  As a result, when 240 GB is calculated by a software, the result (240,000,000,000 / 1,073,741,824) is about 223 GB, not 240 GB.
We designed the WiFi Card with an A/E key to shorten the PCIe transmission path and save space, a relative advantage compared to the PCIE-1X or USB2.0. 
Serial presence detect (SPD) is a standardized way to access information stored on an EEPROM chip when a computer is booted-- basic information about the module's manufacturer, serial number, size, data width, speed and voltage. 
Yes, but the operating speed will be determined by the capabilities of the platform. 
No, because the memory storage functions differently for each type of DIMM, you can only use the DIMM that is suitable for your motherboard at hand. 
RDIMM (Registered DIMM) memory is equipped with a register clock driver (RCD) that buffers the control signals from the memory controller to the DRAM. Essentially, the RCD adds a clock cycle to sending the signals, which results in improved stability for the memory module. 
ECC (Error Correction Code) memory is a RAM chip that assists the motherboard in detecting and fixing errors, thereby boosting the overall reliability of the memory module. 
 
The key difference between HDD and SSD is how they function. HDD rely on moving parts to store data in an electro-magnetic way, while SSD stores data in NAND Flash, a memory technology. Comparatively, the latter has an advantage because it saves data much quicker and has a longer lifespan, making it more suitable for operating systems. 
No, the SSD is equipped by design with wear-leveling technology that distributes all P/E cycles evenly to each block, therefore eliminating the need to defragment from time to time. 
As long as motherboard has the right port for the NVMe SSD, you can connect it. However, the speed will be dictated by the motherboard's low-speed capability. 
IOPS (Inputs/Outputs per Second) is an important indicator of the performance for a hard disk driver or solid-state drive. The IOPS indicates how many input and output (or read and write, respectively) operations the storage device can complete within a second. While it cannot guarantee real-world performance, the IOPS is a benchmark for the speed and capacity of the storage device. IOPS should not be confused with data transfer rate which is calculated in MHz.
Since WIN 7 does not come with a NVMe driver, we suggest downloading Hotfix from the Microsoft official website and then installing the OS onto the SSD.
To find out your SSD's DWPD, multiply the SSD's warranty (in number of years) by 365 then divide that number by terabytes written (TBW). 
 
Item Wi-Fi 1
802.11b)		 Wi-Fi 2
(802.11a)		 Wi-Fi 3
(802.11g)		 Wi-Fi 4
(802.11n)		 Wi-Fi 5
(802.11ac)		 Wi-Fi 6/6E
(802.11ax)		 Wi-Fi 7*
(802.11be)
Year 1999 1999 2003 2009 2013 2020 2024
Speed  11 Mbps 54 Mbps 54 Mbps 600 Mbps 6.8 Mbps 9.6 Mbps 46 Mbps
Frequence  2.4 GHz 5 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz
5 GHz		 5 GHz 2.4 GHz
5 GHz
6 GHz		 2.4 GHz
5 GHz
6 GHz
MIMO 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 4 x 4 8 x 6 8 x 6 16 x 16

*The 802.11be amendment is currently underway, with a preliminary draft targeted for 2021 and the final version for 2024.
The difference between the two is how they connect to the embedded computer. Whereas the SATA SSD uses a SATA controller to connect to the computer, the PCIe directly connects to the CPU's control. thereby streamlining data transmission with better results. 
The difference between the two is their respective error correction capabilities. BCH, the earlier technology, can no longer meet error correction demands of the newest generation of Flash storage. LDPC, with its ability to correct more error per pages, is the go-to choice for industrial-grade storage for reliability and data integrity. 
This depends on the operating system you are using. If you are using WIN 10, the system will automatically detect the WiFi card, allowng you to directly install. If you are using WIN 7, WIN 8, or LINUX, you will need to download a driver before being able to install the WiFi card. 
The difference between the two is the form factor. The M.2 card uses a smaller printed circuit board, resulting in a smaller form factor compared to the mini PCIe card. Therefore, the M.2 card is more suitable for application devices with space constaints. 
Mainstream DDR4 DRAM modules typically come in the following speeds: 2400 MHz, 2666 MHz, 2933 MHz, and 3200 MHz. The difference in speeds refers to differing data transfer rates (one of the most important indicators of a DRAM's performance). The higher the MHz the faster the the transfer of data per second. 
The Half Size mSATA is a version of the SATA interface that is half the size in length as the mSATA. This is a form factor that the Cervoz Industrial Embedded Module comes in and meets the JEDEC MO-300B standards with its high performance. 
The mSATA, short for "Mini Serial ATA," is a small version of the SATA interface and another form factor that the Cervoz Industrial Embedded Module comes in. With 50.95 x 30.00 x 3.90mm dimensions, the mSATA meets the JEDEC MO-300 standards and is a high-performing module. 
The Half Slim is a small form factor that the Cervoz Industrial Embedded Module comes in.  With 54.00 x 39.00 x 5.50mm dimensions, the half slim meets the JEDEC MO-297 standards and is a high-performing module.
Both the NVMe PCIe M.2 2232 and M.2 2280 wide temperature products can come with the Cervoz heat sink that effectively dissipates heat and prevents overheating from damaging the modules. 
The purpose of Cervoz Industrial SSD|Flash Storage Powerguard Technology is to protect data loss while encountering an improper power failure.  Powerguard would complete the task of saving your files from the controller DRAM into the flash storage after sudden power loss. Cervoz designs our flash modules with additional tantalum capacitors to store these extra charges.  With this special design, SSD|Flash Storage is constantly charging the tantalum capacitors with 12V power during its operation.

Cervoz Industrial Powerguard 2.5" SATA SSD MLC and T376 Family include capacities from 32GB~512GB and 128GB~1TB; they are suitable for critical industrial applications, such as networking, server/cloud, vehicle, medical and surveillance.
Cervoz Powerguard Flash modules are power loss protection solutions that are best for applications that need to be protected against unexpected power outages. These include servers at data centers, application devices inside vechicles, and other applications that are connected to unstable power supply.  
Cervoz SSDs can operate under a current operating system (OS) without the need for additional drivers. However, we strongly recommend users to install the latest SATA controller driver in older OS's such as WIN XP or WIN 7, in order to optimize system performance and access complete SATA functionality.
Yes, all Cervoz SSDs support RAID technology.
You can install the Cervoz FlashMonitor and check out the  estimated lifespan of your SSD in one of the tabs of the software window. 
An issue with detecting or recognizing a newly purchased DRAM module may have to do with the motherboard and its chipset. The motherboard may have an older chipset/BIOS, which may not be compatible with the newer DRAM IC. Contact your original manfucturer to update your BIOS, or consult a Cervoz sales representative for a list of DRAM modules compatible with your current BIOS. 
Wear Leveling is a mechanism/algorithm an SSD uses to enhance its longevity. The purpose of Wear Levelling is to distribute P/E cycles to all the blocks evenly; therefore they can reach their P/E threshold at the same time.
The TRIM command allows the OS to acknowledge the SSD controller the locations of unwanted pages proactively, saving operating time in the next write operation.

NAND flash only writes data at the block level. When TRIM is active, and there is data to be erased or written, the SSD manages to write data into blank blocks with efficiency.

TRIM is only active when both the operating system and the flash controller both support and enable this function.
S.M.A.R.T (Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology) is a diagnosis system for hard disks drives and solid-state drives. S.M.A.R.T monitors a set of attributes relating to the drive’s reliability and anticipates to report malfunctions.
Cervoz Powerguard series features Power Loss Protection (PLP) technology, and it is suitable for applications where unexpected power loss may occur. Such as outdoor applications with unstable power supply, where power glitches may occur from time to time.

Cervoz Powerguard SSD also fits in the servers of data centers. The critical data benefits from PLP during untimely power outages.
While physically the CompactFlash and CFast cards have the same dimensions (42.8x36.4x3.3mm), the two use different types of interfaces. The CompactFlash supports the PATA interface, and the CFast supports the SATA interface. The latter can be considered a next-gen CompactFlash since SATA,which has largely superceded PATA, enables much faster write/read speeds. 
The purpose of Cervoz Industrial SSD Flash Storage Powerguard Technology is to protect data loss while encountering an improper power failure. Powerguard would complete the task of saving your files from the controller DRAM into the flash storage after sudden power loss. Cervoz designs our flash modules with additional tantalum capacitors to store these extra charges. With this special design, SSD|Flash Storage is constantly charging the tantalum capacitors with 12V power during its operation.

Cervoz Industrial Powerguard 2.5" SATA SSD MLC include capacities from 32GB~512GB; it is suitable for critical industrial applications, such as networking, server / cloud, vehicle, medical and surveillance.
The difference lies in the level of performance, endurance and reliability that each type of products offers. Industrial storage and memory products are typically used in a factory setting or a rugged environment for the function of large-scale business operations. Such applications require a higher level of reliability and endurance to withstand environmental factors such as pressure, humidity, shock and extreme temperatures. 

Meanwhile, commercial storage and memory products are used in traditional office and home settings. While reliable, these products are replaced at a quicker pace, so what consumers look for is a good balance between performance and price. 
Cervoz Industrial SSD includes various Solid State Disks with SATA interface.

Cervoz Industrial Memory Card includes CompactFlash and CFast Cards.

Cervoz Industrial Embedded Module includes all form factors of flash modules which are to be installed on an internal socket of a computer, such as M.2 2242, M.2 2280, mSATA, Half Slim, Half Size mSATA, SATA Disk, PATA Disk.
Cervoz Industrial RAM Module includes all memory modules in DIMM, SO-DIMM and VLP DIMM form factors with standard and wide temperature operating ranges. Products are managed with long-term availability dedicated to the Industrial PC demands.
SLC: Single-Level Cell, stores 1 bit of data per cell of flash media
MLC: Multi-Level Cell, stores 2 bit of data per cell of flash media
TLC: Triple-Level Cell, stores 3 bit of data per cell of flash media
 
SLC-1bit / cell - 2 states MLC-2bit / cell - 4 states TLC-3bit / cell - 8 states
0 00 000
001
01 010
011
1 10 100
101
11 110
111

In general, the more bits the cell has, the fewer write cycles it will have. For example, a 1-bit SLC cell is good for 100,000 write cycles, a 2-bit MLC cell is good for about 3,000 to 10,000 write cycles, while a 3-bit TLC cell would only have 300 to 3,000 write cycles.  Therefore SLC, MLC and TLC have the price level sequence from high to low.
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